Anjouan Casino Licence in the UK: What It Covers

Updated September 2026

Licensed

Available in GB

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18+ Only

Understand the licence scope, UK regulatory boundary, payment terms, KYC checks, bonuses, and review signals before choosing a casino.

What an Anjouan Licence Actually Covers

An Anjouan casino licence is an authorisation issued under Anjouan law for internet gaming activity within the jurisdiction covered by that law. The authority behind this framework is Anjouan Gaming, the designated regulator responsible for licensing and supervising internet gaming operations.

Its role is not limited to issuing a document. Anjouan Gaming supervises licensed activity and enforces the applicable licensing requirements. This means the authority has regulatory functions after approval as well as before it. Where a licence holder is subject to regulatory concerns, Anjouan Gaming also has the power to suspend or revoke an Internet Gaming Licence. A licence should therefore be understood as a regulatory status subject to oversight, not as a permanent commercial endorsement.

B2C and B2B licences

Anjouan law provides for two broad categories of Internet Gaming Licence:

• B2C — associated with businesses providing gaming services directly to consumers.
• B2B — associated with businesses supplying services, technology, or other business-to-business functions within the internet gaming sector.

The distinction matters because a B2B licence does not automatically mean that the licence holder operates a casino for players. It may relate to an industry supplier rather than the consumer-facing gambling service. Conversely, identifying a business as consumer-facing does not remove the need to establish exactly what its licence covers.

The relevant question is not simply whether a site displays the words “Anjouan licensed”. You need to distinguish the named licence category, the entity holding it, and the activity authorised under that licence. Those details determine what the regulatory claim actually means.

Separate from UK regulation

An Anjouan licence is separate from regulation by the UK Gambling Commission. Anjouan Gaming and the UKGC are different authorities operating under different legal frameworks. Holding an Anjouan Internet Gaming Licence does not turn an operator into a UKGC-licensed casino, and it does not provide UKGC oversight.

For a player in Great Britain, this distinction is fundamental. An Anjouan licence describes an operator’s position under Anjouan law; it does not describe permission under the British regulatory system. Any assessment of a site must keep those two frameworks separate rather than treating an overseas licence as a substitute for UK Gambling Commission regulation.

Anjou Casinos and the UK Regulatory Boundary

Anjouan casinos sit outside the United Kingdom’s gambling regulatory system. They are non-UK licensed casinos: operators authorised under a licence issued by a regulatory body outside the UK, rather than by the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC). That distinction matters more than the casino’s branding, payment options, or the location of its website.

For a British player, an Anjouan online casino should therefore be understood as an overseas gambling operator. An Anjouan licence does not become a UKGC licence because the site accepts users from Britain, displays prices in a familiar currency, or uses English-language customer support. The operator remains subject to the rules and oversight of the jurisdiction that issued its licence.

What the boundary means

The UKGC regulates gambling services supplied to consumers in Great Britain. Operators providing online gambling services to those consumers must hold a UKGC licence, regardless of where the business is based. A remote operating licence is required for online gambling activities in Great Britain, and operating without the required UKGC licence is a criminal offence.

This creates an important boundary for anyone researching casinos with an Anjouan licence. The existence of an overseas licence does not give the operator permission to provide gambling services to British consumers under the UK framework. Nor does it mean that the operator follows UKGC rules. Anjouan casino sites should not be described as UK-regulated simply because British residents can reach them online.

The distinction also applies to descriptions such as “best Anjouan casinos”, “new Anjouan casinos”, or “Anjouan crypto casinos”. These labels describe an overseas licensing connection or a feature of the site’s offering; they do not indicate approval by the UKGC. A casino’s own wording may be broad, but the regulatory question is precise: which authority issued the licence, and which legal framework governs the operator?

Can British residents use them?

Current regulations do not prohibit UK residents from using overseas gambling websites. That does not remove the difference between access and protection. A British player may be able to register with an overseas operator, while still having fewer routes to UK-based regulatory support if something goes wrong.

Consumer protections available through UKGC-licensed casinos may not apply to an Anjouan operator because of its jurisdictional independence. The same applies to dispute resolution. A complaint may need to be handled through the casino’s internal process or through the licensing body connected with the operator. Those routes may differ in accessibility and procedure for a player in Britain, and a dispute cannot simply be escalated to the UKGC when the casino is not UKGC-licensed.

This is why “Anjouan licensed casinos” should not be treated as a single category with identical standards. Overseas regulation varies significantly between jurisdictions. Malta Gaming Authority and Gibraltar are examples of authorities associated with rigorous standards, while other jurisdictions may apply less stringent requirements. The relevant licence must be considered on its own terms, alongside the operator’s identity and the protections it actually provides.

No automatic UK protections

An Anjouan licence should not be presented as equivalent to UKGC oversight. British players should not assume that a non-UK licensed casino offers the same responsible-gambling protections, complaint routes, or consumer safeguards as a UKGC-licensed casino. The site may not provide the tools, support services, or regulatory access available through the UK system.

The position is also separate from GamStop. Non-UK licensed casinos are not part of the UK self-exclusion scheme, and an operator outside that system is not automatically required to block a person registered with GamStop. This is especially important for anyone who has self-excluded because gambling has become difficult to control. Seeking access through an overseas site can undermine that protection, so using an Anjouan casino after self-exclusion carries a serious personal risk.

The same caution applies to references to “Anjouan casino licensing”. Licensing is not a universal safety label. Anjouan Gaming has suspended one Internet Gaming Licence pending investigation, which shows why the existence of a licence alone should not be treated as conclusive evidence of a trouble-free operator. The suspension does not establish that every Anjouan casino is unsafe, but it does reinforce the need to distinguish the licensing jurisdiction from the standards and conduct of an individual site.

For British players in 2026, the practical meaning is straightforward: Anjouan casinos are overseas operators, not UKGC-licensed casinos. Access may be possible under current rules, but UK regulatory oversight does not follow the player across the border. Any decision must therefore account for the limits of UK protection, the applicable dispute route, and the possibility that safeguards familiar from the British market may not apply.

How to Read an Anjouan Casino Licence Claim

A statement that a casino holds an Anjouan licence should be treated as a claim to verify, not as a safety guarantee. The wording may appear in a footer, terms page, banner, or promotional review, but its location does not prove that the licence exists or that it covers the website you are viewing.

Anjouan Gaming is the designated authority for licensing and supervising internet gaming operations under Anjouan law. It issues, supervises, and enforces Internet Gaming Licences within its jurisdiction. It also has authority to suspend or revoke a licence. That distinction matters: a licensing authority is not the same thing as the casino, its software supplier, an affiliate reviewer, or a payment provider.

Start with the exact operator identity

Begin by identifying the legal entity behind the casino. A brand name may differ from the company named in the terms, privacy notice, or licence statement. Record the operator’s legal name, the website domain, and any licence number or certificate reference shown on the site.

Do not treat a logo or an image of a certificate as conclusive evidence. A copied badge can remain online after a business relationship ends, and a certificate may refer to a different company or domain. The relevant question is whether the named operator and the website you intend to use are covered by a valid international licence.

The domain is particularly important. A licence claim attached to one website does not automatically establish coverage for another site using a similar brand. Check spelling carefully, including the exact domain ending and any regional version of the casino.

Separate licensing from supervision

“Licensed” and “supervised” describe related but different stages. Licensing concerns the authority to operate under the relevant legal framework. Supervision concerns ongoing oversight after that permission has been issued. A casino may advertise the existence of a licence while saying little about how current supervision works.

Anjouan Gaming has powers to supervise and enforce Internet Gaming Licences, including the power to suspend or revoke them. This means that a licence should not be viewed as permanent or unconditional. A current claim must be considered alongside the licence status, the operator identity, and the domain covered.

There is also a documented example of an Internet Gaming Licence being suspended by Anjouan Gaming pending investigation. That fact is a useful reminder to check current status rather than relying on an old certificate, a cached page, or wording copied from an earlier version of a casino’s website.

Read the casino’s wording precisely

Marketing language often compresses several different ideas into one sentence. “Licensed in Anjouan,” “regulated by Anjouan Gaming,” and “operating under Anjouan law” may not provide the same level of detail. Look for a clear statement identifying the licence holder and the scope of the authorisation.

Be cautious when a page refers only to a platform provider, software company, payment processor, or group company. Those entities may have their own contractual or regulatory relationship, but that does not by itself prove that the casino brand accepting your account is covered.

The same caution applies to phrases such as “fully regulated,” “approved,” or “trusted.” These are descriptions used in marketing and are not substitutes for a verifiable licence record. A review that repeats the casino’s own wording is not independent confirmation.

Use a simple verification record

Before depositing, keep a written record of what you found:

• the casino’s exact domain;
• the legal operator name;
• the licence number or reference, if displayed;
• the authority named in the licence statement;
• the date on which you checked the information;
• any terms explaining suspension, withdrawal, or dispute handling.

This record helps expose inconsistencies. For example, the footer may name one company while the terms identify another. The licence reference may be absent from the legal pages, or the domain may not match the one described in the operator’s documentation.

If essential details cannot be established, treat the claim as unverified. Do not fill the gaps with assumptions based on a polished design, favourable testimonials, or the presence of familiar payment methods.

Understand what verification does not prove

A valid Anjouan licence, if confirmed, establishes a regulatory connection under Anjouan law. It does not mean that the casino is regulated by the UK Gambling Commission, belongs to GamStop, or provides the same protections as a UKGC-licensed casino. It also does not guarantee that every withdrawal will be smooth or that every promotional term will be clear.

For a British player considering an Anjouan online casino licence in 2026, the practical boundary should remain clear. Verification can help establish who claims to authorise the operator and whether that authorisation appears current. It cannot turn an offshore casino into a UK-regulated one.

Finally, avoid treating a list of “casinos licensed in Anjouan” as automatic approval. Lists can become outdated, repeat unverified claims, or confuse a brand with its legal operator. Use them only as starting points for checking the underlying information. The decision should rest on identifiable licensing evidence, a matching domain, and a clear understanding of what the licence does—and does not—cover.

Why Some British Players Look Beyond UKGC Casinos

For some British players, the appeal of an overseas casino begins with choice. UKGC-licensed casinos operate within a detailed British framework, while non-UK licensed casinos may present a broader international catalogue. That can include niche table games, live dealer experiences, and titles from smaller or emerging software studios. Players who have exhausted familiar releases may therefore look at Anjouan licensed online casinos for content that is less common on UK-facing sites.

This wider selection should not be confused with stronger protection. An Anjouan Gaming licence is not a UK Gambling Commission licence, and an Anjouan licensed offshore casino does not operate under UKGC oversight. Game variety explains why someone may investigate these sites; it does not establish that a particular operator is trustworthy or suitable for a British player.

Promotions can look more generous

Promotional terms are another reason players compare international sites. Non-UK casinos can offer larger welcome bonuses, free spins, and more flexible wagering requirements than UK-licensed casinos. A profile-focused casino review cited welcome offers with match percentages ranging from 200% to 500%; that figure describes the offers reported by that source, not a standard that every operator follows.

The attraction is easy to understand. A larger advertised package may appear to provide more playing value at the start, while free spins can make a new site look more accessible. Yet the headline offer is only one part of the arrangement. Eligibility rules, game restrictions, expiry conditions, maximum cash-out provisions, and withdrawal requirements can materially change its value. Promotional differences may draw attention to Anjouan Gaming licence casinos, but they do not remove the need to read the operator’s terms before depositing.

Currencies may suit international users

Players who regularly use more than one currency may also find overseas sites more convenient to compare. Non-UK casinos may support euros, US dollars, and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. That broader currency presentation can be relevant if your funds, payment account, or previous gambling activity are not based solely in pounds sterling.

Currency flexibility has practical consequences. Exchange rates, conversion charges, the currency used for bonus calculations, and the amount ultimately returned to your account can all affect the real cost of play. A site displaying several currencies is not necessarily offering the same conditions in each one. Check the account currency and transaction rules before treating this as an advantage.

A quicker first impression

Registration speed can be part of the appeal as well. Non-UK casinos often allow faster registration with minimal documentation unless a large withdrawal is requested. For a player comparing several sites, a short sign-up process may feel more convenient than completing extensive checks before exploring the platform.

That convenience is limited. Minimal documentation at registration does not mean that identity checks will never occur. A casino may request information later, particularly when a substantial withdrawal is made. The initial ease of opening an account should therefore be treated as a difference in process, not proof of lower risk or better service.

Access outside GamStop

Some players also look beyond UKGC casinos because non-GamStop casinos are not obligated to block people registered with GamStop. Non-UK casino sites are not affiliated with GamStop and therefore do not enforce its self-exclusion programme. This is a regulatory difference, not a safety feature.

If you have joined GamStop, seeking access through an overseas operator can undermine the protection you chose for yourself. It may also expose you to sites without the same UK-based support arrangements or self-exclusion controls. The fact that access is technically available should never be read as a reason to resume gambling.

The practical motivations are clear: more varied content, attention-grabbing promotions, multiple currencies, and a faster first step. They must be weighed against the central boundary. Anjouan licensed online casinos remain outside the UK regulatory framework, and none of these conveniences makes them equivalent to UKGC-licensed casinos.

The International Gaming Experience at Anjouan Casinos

Casinos operating under an Anjouan gaming licence may present a more international and less standardised gaming environment than UKGC-licensed casinos. The difference is not limited to the licence shown on the website. It can affect the range of games available, the software providers represented, and the way betting limits are applied.

A broader mix of casino games

Non-UK licensed casinos may include niche table games that are less visible on British-facing platforms. Alongside familiar roulette, blackjack, and baccarat formats, you may find alternative table variations or games aimed at players from different regions. Availability depends on the individual operator and its software agreements, so an Anjouan licence alone does not confirm that any particular game will be offered.

Live dealer content can also form a larger part of the experience. A live studio may provide streamed roulette, blackjack, or other table formats with a human dealer and real-time interaction. For some players, this feels closer to an international casino floor than a standard digital lobby. It is still important to check the individual game rules, table limits, and technical conditions before playing.

The catalogue may also include titles from smaller or emerging software studios. These providers can bring different visual styles, themes, and game mechanics compared with the most familiar names in the UK market. Greater variety can be useful if you are looking for something outside mainstream slots and table games, but it can also make it harder to judge how consistently a site selects, tests, and presents its content.

Fewer universal stake restrictions

A UK-facing online slot environment is subject to UKGC rules. A specialist industry review attributes a maximum stake of £2 per spin to online slots under the UK Gambling Commission framework. Non-UK casinos generally do not have one universal maximum stake applying across all games in the same way. Limits may instead be set by the operator, the individual title, the software provider, or the specific table.

That flexibility is not automatically an advantage. Higher available stakes can increase the amount at risk during a session, particularly when a game is unfamiliar or presented with fast play options. You should treat the displayed limit as a boundary, not as a target, and consider whether the site provides practical tools such as deposit limits or self-exclusion.

Different promotional and account environment

Non-UK licensed casinos are generally not bound by UKGC advertising restrictions, bonus limitations, or self-exclusion guidelines. This can contribute to a more aggressive international presentation, with promotions and account features that do not follow the same UK framework. Wider choice and fewer standardised restrictions may explain why some British players investigate casinos with an Anjouan gaming licence.

They do not, however, create UK-equivalent protection. A broader catalogue, live dealer section, or higher game limit says nothing by itself about complaint handling, responsible-gambling support, or the reliability of an operator. Non-UK licensed casinos operate outside UK Gambling Commission oversight, and tools familiar from the British market may not be available or may work differently.

The international experience can therefore be appealing for its variety, but it requires closer attention from you. Review the operator’s licence information, game rules, account controls, and available support before treating the choice as a safer or more flexible alternative.

Payment Methods and Withdrawal Conditions to Check

Payment options at an Anjouan online casino can look broader than those available at a UKGC-licensed casino. Before depositing, check which currencies the cashier supports and whether the account balance can be held in euros, US dollars, or cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. A currency mismatch can create conversion costs, while cryptocurrency payments introduce price volatility between deposit and withdrawal.

Alternative payment methods may include cryptocurrencies and regional e-wallets. Availability can depend on the player’s location, so a payment logo on the casino website is not enough. Open the cashier or payment terms and confirm whether the method is available to UK residents, whether deposits and withdrawals use the same channel, and whether any transaction restrictions apply.

Withdrawal speed also needs careful reading. Some non-UK casinos may process withdrawals within hours, and cryptocurrency transactions may be near-instant once the casino releases the payment. That does not mean every request will be completed at that speed. The practical timing can depend on the casino’s internal processing, the payment provider, network conditions, and any checks required before release.

Credit cards require particular caution

Some non-UK casinos accept credit cards for deposits. That differs from UKGC-licensed casinos, where credit-card gambling is banned. Availability outside the UKGC framework should not be treated as a safety benefit. Using borrowed money for gambling can make losses harder to control and can add debt to an already difficult situation.

If a site accepts a credit card, pause before using it and consider whether the payment is genuinely affordable without borrowing. A debit card or another payment method does not remove gambling risk, but avoiding credit prevents gambling losses from becoming credit debt. If you have used self-exclusion or are trying to control gambling, access to additional payment routes can make that boundary harder to maintain.

Read the withdrawal conditions before making a deposit. Check the supported currency, the available withdrawal method, processing wording, and whether the casino can request information before releasing funds. Keep the payment confirmation and the terms shown when you deposit. These records can matter if the amount, method, or timing of a withdrawal later differs from what you understood.

Registration, KYC, and What Happens at Withdrawal

A casino may let you open an account quickly with only basic details, while reserving fuller identity checks for a later stage. This can make initial registration feel straightforward, but it does not mean that the account will remain verification-free.

A specialist review source describes some non-UK casinos as using less demanding Know Your Customer (KYC) checks during initial sign-up. In practice, the information requested at registration may be limited, with additional documents considered when your activity or withdrawal requires closer review. The distinction matters: a short registration form is a convenience feature, not proof of lighter compliance obligations or stronger consumer protection.

Why verification can appear at withdrawal

Before releasing a substantial withdrawal, an overseas casino may ask you to confirm who you are and how the account is being used. The requested material can include identity, address, or payment information, although the exact requirements depend on the operator and its licensing arrangements. A request made at this point is not automatically evidence of wrongdoing, but it can delay access to funds if you have not read the verification policy in advance.

Check the terms before depositing, particularly the sections covering:

• documents accepted for identity and address checks;
• whether the account holder must use a payment method in their own name;
• situations that can trigger enhanced verification;
• what happens if documents are incomplete, unclear, or expired;
• the procedure for challenging a delayed or rejected withdrawal.

Keep copies of submitted documents and avoid sending sensitive information through an unverified contact channel. The casino’s privacy and security information should explain how personal data is handled, but the level of detail and practical protection may differ from what you expect from a UKGC-licensed operator.

If a dispute develops, the available route may be the casino’s internal complaints process or the licensing body connected with the site. Accessibility for UK players can vary, and a disagreement cannot be escalated to the UK Gambling Commission when the operator is outside its jurisdiction. Fast registration therefore should be assessed separately from withdrawal reliability: the first may require little information, while the second may depend on successful KYC checks and an overseas dispute process.

How Anjouan Casino Bonuses Can Differ

Promotions are one reason some players examine Anjouan casino bonuses, but the headline offer is only the starting point. Non-UK licensed casinos can advertise larger welcome bonuses, free spins and more flexible wagering requirements than UKGC-licensed casinos. That extra flexibility may look attractive, yet it can also make the conditions harder to assess before you deposit.

A match offer may add a percentage to an eligible deposit. One specialist review source reports welcome offers in this sector with match percentages ranging from 200% to 500%. Treat that as a reported promotional range, not a standard available at every Anjouan casino. The important details are the maximum qualifying deposit, the games that contribute to wagering, any maximum stake while the bonus is active, and the deadline for completing the conditions.

Free-spin packages need the same scrutiny. The number of spins is less important than where they can be used, whether winnings are subject to additional wagering, and whether the casino applies a withdrawal cap. A promotion can appear generous while leaving you with little practical freedom over the resulting balance.

Some non-UK casinos may advertise lower wagering requirements or cashback without wagering. This point is also reported by a specialist review source rather than established as a universal market rule. Cashback may be calculated on losses, bets or another defined measure, and the terms may exclude certain games or payment methods. Check when the cashback is credited and whether it can be withdrawn immediately.

Before accepting any offer, read the full bonus and withdrawal terms—not only the banner or registration message. Look for unclear definitions, restricted games, changing conditions, payment-related exclusions, and clauses allowing the operator to cancel promotional funds. Also check whether a bonus changes the maximum withdrawal or delays a cash-out until every condition is met.

If the wording is incomplete or difficult to locate, do not treat the promotion as a reliable benefit. Non-UK licensed casinos operate outside UKGC oversight, so UK rules and dispute routes do not provide the same framework for resolving a bonus disagreement. A smaller, clearly explained offer is easier to assess than a larger one whose withdrawal conditions remain uncertain.

How to Assess Anjouan Casino Reviews

Anjouan casino reviews can be useful, but they should be read as evidence to examine rather than as approval to rely on. A polished review may describe bonuses and games while giving little attention to the points that matter when something goes wrong. Start with the operator’s licensing information and check whether the claimed licence is current, belongs to that operator, and covers the domain being reviewed. A badge or licence number placed on a page is not, by itself, proof of active oversight.

Check withdrawal evidence

Look for detailed accounts of withdrawals, not vague statements that payments are “fast” or “easy”. Useful reviews explain whether players were asked for documents, whether terms changed during a withdrawal request, and how the operator handled delays or account restrictions. Individual experiences do not prove that every customer will receive the same treatment, but repeated, specific complaints deserve attention.

Be careful with reviews that discuss only successful deposits and promotional claims. A casino can appear attractive at registration while leaving important withdrawal conditions difficult to find. The review should direct you to the relevant terms rather than treating the operator’s advertising as independent evidence.

Examine complaints and dispute routes

A credible review should explain where a complaint goes if customer support does not resolve it. For a non-UK licensed casino, this may mean the operator’s internal dispute process or the licensing body named in its terms. Accessibility for UK players can vary, and UK consumer protections or UK dispute routes may not apply because the operator is outside the UK regulatory framework.

Do not assume that a complaint can be escalated to the UK Gambling Commission. It cannot act as the dispute channel for a casino that is not UKGC-licensed. The practical value of a review therefore depends partly on how clearly it explains the available route and its limitations.

Look for security and player-protection details

Reviews should identify security information, responsible-gambling controls, and any limits on self-exclusion or account management. The absence of clear deposit controls, self-exclusion tools, or UK-based support services is material information, not a minor omission.

Finally, compare the review with independent user experiences and the operator’s own terms. Regulatory standards vary between jurisdictions: Malta and Gibraltar are associated with rigorous oversight, while other authorities may apply less stringent rules. Treat confident ratings as a starting point, not a safety guarantee.

Choosing Among Anjouan Online Casinos Without a False Safety Guarantee

Comparing Anjouan casino sites requires a different standard from choosing between UKGC-licensed casinos. There is no verified basis here for naming the “best” Anjouan online casinos, and a polished website or attractive offer cannot replace evidence. Treat every site as a separate case rather than assuming that one licence makes all operators equally safe.

Start with the licence claim. Check whether the operator identifies a valid international license and whether the details correspond to the casino’s legal entity and domain. An Anjouan reference alone is not a guarantee of the operator’s conduct, security, withdrawal practice, or financial reliability. If the information is incomplete, inconsistent, or difficult to confirm, that uncertainty should count against the site.

Reputation is the next filter. Look for consistent evidence about account handling, withdrawals, support, and unresolved complaints. A single positive comment proves little, while repeated reports of disputed balances or changing conditions deserve careful attention. Reviews should be treated as evidence to examine, not as a safety certificate.

Read the practical terms before depositing. Confirm the available payment route, supported currency, withdrawal conditions, identity checks, fees, and any restrictions that could affect access to funds. A quick registration process does not mean withdrawals will be simple. The important question is whether the rules are clear before money is committed.

Promotions need the same scrutiny. Check the qualifying deposit, wagering rules, eligible games, expiry conditions, maximum withdrawal provisions, and what happens if a bonus is cancelled. Non-UK casinos are generally not bound by UKGC advertising restrictions or bonus limitations, so promotional wording may provide less reassurance than it would at a UKGC-licensed casino.

Finally, examine the protection gap. Non-UK licensed casinos are not regulated by the UK Gambling Commission and do not follow its rules. They are also not affiliated with GamStop and do not enforce its self-exclusion programme. If you rely on GamStop, do not treat an Anjouan site as a harmless alternative: access outside that system can undermine the barrier you created. A non-UK operator may also lack UK-based support and equivalent responsible-gambling tools.

The safest comparison is therefore not a ranking. It is a refusal to overlook missing evidence, unclear terms, or weaker protections simply because an offer looks generous.

Responsible Gambling

Prepared by the Casinouk Licensing Hub editorial staff.